農(nóng)墾是國有農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的骨干和代表，是推進中國特色新型農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要力量。農(nóng)墾是在特定條件下為承擔國家使命而建立的，經(jīng)過多年來的艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)，形成了組織化程度高、規(guī)模化特征突出、產(chǎn)業(yè)體系健全的中國特色農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟體系。現(xiàn)有35個墾區(qū)、1787個國有農(nóng)場、1412萬人口、1.06億畝耕地，是全面推進鄉(xiāng)村振興、加快建設農(nóng)業(yè)強國的重要戰(zhàn)略力量。2022年，全國農(nóng)墾企業(yè)資產(chǎn)總額超1.6萬億元，糧食產(chǎn)量達769.72億斤，占全國糧食總產(chǎn)量的5.6%，生產(chǎn)總值達9568.53億元。
中國共產(chǎn)黨領導的農(nóng)墾事業(yè)起源于抗日戰(zhàn)爭時期。1939年冬，在毛澤東同志“自己動手、豐衣足食”的號召下，陜甘寧邊區(qū)開展軍民大生產(chǎn)運動，延安創(chuàng)辦了抗日民主根據(jù)地第一個農(nóng)場――光華農(nóng)場。王震同志率領120師359旅，按照“農(nóng)業(yè)為第一位、工業(yè)與運輸業(yè)為第二位、商業(yè)為第三位”的方針，開發(fā)建設了南泥灣。1947年，東北各省創(chuàng)建了一批國營農(nóng)場。1948年，華北人民政府農(nóng)業(yè)部在河北省冀縣、衡水、永年交界的千頃洼建立了解放區(qū)第一個機械化國營農(nóng)場――冀衡農(nóng)場。1949年，建立了一批以安置榮譽軍人為主的榮軍農(nóng)場和組織國民黨“解放軍官”生產(chǎn)勞動的解放團農(nóng)場。
新中國成立后，在毛澤東等老一輩無產(chǎn)階級革命家的親自決策和領導下，以成建制的人民解放軍轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)官兵為骨干、吸收大批知識分子、支邊青年組成農(nóng)墾大軍，奔赴邊疆和內(nèi)地的亙古荒原，開始了大規(guī)模墾荒造田、興辦國有農(nóng)場的創(chuàng)業(yè)歷程。新中國農(nóng)墾事業(yè)的發(fā)展歷程大體上可分為五個階段：
第一階段：建國初期艱苦開拓（1949-1966年）。新中國成立之初，為迅速恢復和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)，妥善安置大批軍人，中央人民政府人民革命軍事委員會決定組織軍隊參加農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，農(nóng)墾事業(yè)開始大規(guī)模發(fā)展。1951年，政務院作出《關于擴大培植橡膠樹的決定》，在華南地區(qū)開荒建設橡膠農(nóng)場。1956年中共中央、國務院決定成立農(nóng)墾部，統(tǒng)一管理全國軍墾農(nóng)場和地方經(jīng)營的國營農(nóng)場。1958年起，在中央部署下，大批轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)官兵、內(nèi)地支邊青年和城市知識青年紛紛奔赴邊疆、荒原和戈壁灘建設農(nóng)場。到1966年，全國共建立了1940個農(nóng)場，有職工284萬人，耕地4784萬畝，天然橡膠250萬畝，年產(chǎn)糧食81億斤，干膠2.3萬噸。
第二階段：“文化大革命”中遭遇挫折（1967-1976年）。在此期間農(nóng)墾部及省級農(nóng)墾管理機構(gòu)被撤銷，大批國營農(nóng)場被下放，原有的管理制度被破壞，農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)連年虧損，十年間共虧損32億元。
第三階段：改革開放中不斷發(fā)展（1977-2001年）。十一屆三中全會以后，農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)進行了一系列重大改革。1978年，國務院決定在農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)國營農(nóng)場試辦農(nóng)工商聯(lián)合企業(yè)，實行農(nóng)工商綜合經(jīng)營，突破了農(nóng)場長期單一經(jīng)營農(nóng)業(yè)的格局。1983年起，農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)興辦職工家庭農(nóng)場，建立大農(nóng)場套小農(nóng)場的雙層經(jīng)營體制，解決了職工吃企業(yè)“大鍋飯”問題。這期間，農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)以市場經(jīng)濟為導向，逐步建立和完善現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度，加大對外開放力度，完善職工社會保障制度。
第四階段：前進步伐全面加快（2002-2014年）。農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)加快推行集團化、企業(yè)化、股份化改革，不斷理順管理體制，創(chuàng)新運行機制，著力激發(fā)農(nóng)墾內(nèi)在活力；積極開展改革辦社會職能、建立社會保障體系、加大土地管理力度、努力化解債務，著力優(yōu)化農(nóng)墾發(fā)展環(huán)境；積極實施農(nóng)業(yè)“走出去”戰(zhàn)略。農(nóng)墾管理體制更加適應市場經(jīng)濟體制要求，企業(yè)經(jīng)營機制更加靈活高效，打造了一批具有市場競爭力的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)集團。農(nóng)墾經(jīng)濟效益保持持續(xù)高速增長，自2002年全系統(tǒng)扭虧為盈以來，經(jīng)濟增長率連續(xù)13年保持在10%以上。
第五階段：農(nóng)墾改革發(fā)展進入新時代（2015年至今）。2015年11月27日，中共中央、國務院印發(fā)《關于進一步推進農(nóng)墾改革發(fā)展的意見》。以此為標志，農(nóng)墾改革發(fā)展進入新時代。文件指出，新形勢下農(nóng)墾承擔著更加重要的歷史使命。努力把農(nóng)墾建設成為保障國家糧食安全和重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品有效供給的國家隊、中國特色新型農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的示范區(qū)、農(nóng)業(yè)對外合作的排頭兵、安邊固疆的穩(wěn)定器。全國農(nóng)墾貫徹落實中央農(nóng)墾改革發(fā)展文件精神，用3年左右時間基本完成了農(nóng)墾國有土地使用權(quán)確權(quán)登記發(fā)證和改革國有農(nóng)場辦社會職能任務。墾區(qū)集團化和農(nóng)場企業(yè)化改革穩(wěn)步推進，建設現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)大基地、大企業(yè)、大產(chǎn)業(yè)，把農(nóng)墾建設成為具有國際競爭力的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)集團，努力形成農(nóng)業(yè)領域的航母。
About China State Farm
The state farm system is the core and model of China's state-owned agricultural economy, as well as the main force in promoting modernization of Chinese characteristics agriculture. The state farm system was established under certain conditions to undertake national missions. Over decades of hard exploration, it has formed an agricultural- economic system with Chinese characteristics, that is, high degree of organization, large scale of production and a sound industrial system. It has developed the main force of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization andaccelerating the construction of a strong agricultural country, with 35 reclamation areas, 1787 state-owned farms, 14.12 million population and 7.07 million hectares of farmland. Up to 2022, enterprises of the state farm system has total assets of RMB 1.6 trillion yuan, grain yield of 38.49 million tons (accounts for 5.6% of the national total), and GDP of 956.85 billion yuan.
The cause of China State Farm led by the Communist Party of China is originated in Anti-Japanese War. In the winter of 1939, under Chairman Mao Zedong's call for "ample food and clothing by working with our own hands", the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area began a mass production campaign among the army and the people, establishing the first farm, Guanghua Farm, in the Anti-Japanese Base Area. Under the guideline of "agriculture first, industry and transportation second, business third", General Wang Zhen led Division 120 NRA and Brigade 359 NRA to construct and develop Nanniwan. In 1947, the Three Northeast Provinces established a batch of state farms. In 1948, the People's Government of North China built the first mechanized farm, Jiheng Farm, in the thousand-hectare puddle located in the border area of Jixian, Hengshui and Yongnian in Hebei Province. In 1949, a batch of farms was established, including merit farms for the honored soldiers, and liberation farms for the Kuomintang's soldiers.
Since the People's Republic of China was founded, under the leadership of predecessors of proletarian revolution represented by Chairman Mao, the pioneers consisted of demobilized soldiers, intellectuals and border-supporting youths went to the frontier and wilderness to reclaim wasteland and build state farms. The development of China State Farm is broadly divided into five stages:
Stage I: tough beginning in early years of New China (1949-1966). In the early years of New China, in order to resume the production rapidly and place numbers of soldiers properly, People's Revolutionary Military Committee of the Central Government decided to organize troops to support the nation's agricultural production. Since then, the cause of China State Farm developed fast on a large scale. In 1951, the State Council published Decision on Expansion of Rubber Trees Planting, started to open up wasteland for rubber farms in South China. In 1956, the Central Committee of CPC decided to found Ministry of State Farm, which was in charge of the unified management of the nation's army farms and the locally-operated state farms. Since 1958, under the arrangement of the Central Committee, the pioneers consisted of demobilized soldiers, intellectuals and border-supporting youths went to the frontier and wilderness to reclaim wasteland and build state farms. Till 1966, China had established 1940 farms, with 2.84 million workers, 3.19 million hectares of crop land, 0.17 million hectares of rubber land, 4050 million kilograms of annual grain output, and 23 kilotons of dry glue.
Stage II: suffering setbacks in the "Cultural Revolution" (1967-1976). In this period, Ministry of State Farm and its provincial agencies were abolished, together with the delegation of state farms to local governments. Because of the former administration system being damaged, the state farm system suffered continued loss, which was totally RMB 3200 million in a decade.
Stage III: developing steadily in Reform and Opening Up (1977-2001). Since the Eleventh CPC Central Committee, the state farm system has made a series of major reforms. In 1978, under the State Council's decision of developing agro-industrial-commercial combines in state farm system, breaking through the former pattern of farms operating agriculture only. Since 1983, the state farm system had established worker's family-owned farms in the large farms, which had solved "common big rice pot" among the employees. Driven by market economy during this time, the state farm system has gradually developed modernized enterprise institution, kept opening to the world, and improved social security system of the employees.
Stage IV: developing fast in all aspects (2002-2014). The state farm system has made efforts to its development: making reform in collectivization, enterprization and share-holding, improving management regimes and operation mechanism, to stimulate the internal vitality; depriving social functions, establishing social security provisions, optimizing land management and releasing debt, to improve the circumstance for better development; carrying out the "Going Out" Strategy in agriculture. With all these efforts, the management regimes and operation mechanism of state farms has adapted to the market economy much better, and a batch of competitive modern agricultural enterprises (groups) has been built. The state farm system has achieved remarkable economic results in this period. Since achieving profitability in 2002, its benefit growth rate has reached over 10% for 13 consecutive years.
Stage V: the reform of state farm system in new era (2015 till now). On November 27th, 2015, the Central Committee of CPC and the State Council has published Guidance on Further Promoting Reform in State Farm System. Markedly, the reform in state farm system has developed in new era. As the document claims, the state farm system undertakes a more important mission in new era, that is, guaranteeing food security and important food supply of the nation, establishing demonstration area of modernized Chinese characteristics agriculture, developing agricultural international cooperation, and defending the frontier. Putting the Guidance into action, all the state farms accomplished state-owned land right registration and certification in around three years. Nowadays, collectivization in reclamation areas and enterprization in farms are advanced steadily, with modernized big base, large enterprise and grand industry in agriculture being built. Moreover, since the modernized enterprises (groups) from state farm system are more competitive in the world, its place of model in agricultural field has gradually been shaped.
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