農(nóng)墾是國(guó)有農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的骨干和代表，是推進(jìn)中國(guó)特色新型農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要力量。農(nóng)墾是在特定條件下為承擔(dān)國(guó)家使命而建立的，經(jīng)過(guò)多年來(lái)的艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)，形成了組織化程度高、規(guī)模化特征突出、產(chǎn)業(yè)體系健全的中國(guó)特色農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體系?，F(xiàn)有35個(gè)墾區(qū)、1787個(gè)國(guó)有農(nóng)場(chǎng)、1412萬(wàn)人口、1.06億畝耕地，是全面推進(jìn)鄉(xiāng)村振興、加快建設(shè)農(nóng)業(yè)強(qiáng)國(guó)的重要戰(zhàn)略力量。2022年，全國(guó)農(nóng)墾企業(yè)資產(chǎn)總額超1.6萬(wàn)億元，糧食產(chǎn)量達(dá)769.72億斤，占全國(guó)糧食總產(chǎn)量的5.6%，生產(chǎn)總值達(dá)9568.53億元。
中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的農(nóng)墾事業(yè)起源于抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期。1939年冬，在毛澤東同志“自己動(dòng)手、豐衣足食”的號(hào)召下，陜甘寧邊區(qū)開展軍民大生產(chǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)，延安創(chuàng)辦了抗日民主根據(jù)地第一個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)――光華農(nóng)場(chǎng)。王震同志率領(lǐng)120師359旅，按照“農(nóng)業(yè)為第一位、工業(yè)與運(yùn)輸業(yè)為第二位、商業(yè)為第三位”的方針，開發(fā)建設(shè)了南泥灣。1947年，東北各省創(chuàng)建了一批國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)。1948年，華北人民政府農(nóng)業(yè)部在河北省冀縣、衡水、永年交界的千頃洼建立了解放區(qū)第一個(gè)機(jī)械化國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)――冀衡農(nóng)場(chǎng)。1949年，建立了一批以安置榮譽(yù)軍人為主的榮軍農(nóng)場(chǎng)和組織國(guó)民黨“解放軍官”生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)的解放團(tuán)農(nóng)場(chǎng)。
新中國(guó)成立后，在毛澤東等老一輩無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命家的親自決策和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，以成建制的人民解放軍轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)官兵為骨干、吸收大批知識(shí)分子、支邊青年組成農(nóng)墾大軍，奔赴邊疆和內(nèi)地的亙古荒原，開始了大規(guī)模墾荒造田、興辦國(guó)有農(nóng)場(chǎng)的創(chuàng)業(yè)歷程。新中國(guó)農(nóng)墾事業(yè)的發(fā)展歷程大體上可分為五個(gè)階段：
第一階段：建國(guó)初期艱苦開拓（1949-1966年）。新中國(guó)成立之初，為迅速恢復(fù)和發(fā)展生產(chǎn)，妥善安置大批軍人，中央人民政府人民革命軍事委員會(huì)決定組織軍隊(duì)參加農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，農(nóng)墾事業(yè)開始大規(guī)模發(fā)展。1951年，政務(wù)院作出《關(guān)于擴(kuò)大培植橡膠樹的決定》，在華南地區(qū)開荒建設(shè)橡膠農(nóng)場(chǎng)。1956年中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院決定成立農(nóng)墾部，統(tǒng)一管理全國(guó)軍墾農(nóng)場(chǎng)和地方經(jīng)營(yíng)的國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)。1958年起，在中央部署下，大批轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)官兵、內(nèi)地支邊青年和城市知識(shí)青年紛紛奔赴邊疆、荒原和戈壁灘建設(shè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)。到1966年，全國(guó)共建立了1940個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)，有職工284萬(wàn)人，耕地4784萬(wàn)畝，天然橡膠250萬(wàn)畝，年產(chǎn)糧食81億斤，干膠2.3萬(wàn)噸。
第二階段：“文化大革命”中遭遇挫折（1967-1976年）。在此期間農(nóng)墾部及省級(jí)農(nóng)墾管理機(jī)構(gòu)被撤銷，大批國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)被下放，原有的管理制度被破壞，農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)連年虧損，十年間共虧損32億元。
第三階段：改革開放中不斷發(fā)展（1977-2001年）。十一屆三中全會(huì)以后，農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了一系列重大改革。1978年，國(guó)務(wù)院決定在農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng)試辦農(nóng)工商聯(lián)合企業(yè)，實(shí)行農(nóng)工商綜合經(jīng)營(yíng)，突破了農(nóng)場(chǎng)長(zhǎng)期單一經(jīng)營(yíng)農(nóng)業(yè)的格局。1983年起，農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)興辦職工家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)，建立大農(nóng)場(chǎng)套小農(nóng)場(chǎng)的雙層經(jīng)營(yíng)體制，解決了職工吃企業(yè)“大鍋飯”問(wèn)題。這期間，農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)以市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)為導(dǎo)向，逐步建立和完善現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度，加大對(duì)外開放力度，完善職工社會(huì)保障制度。
第四階段：前進(jìn)步伐全面加快（2002-2014年）。農(nóng)墾系統(tǒng)加快推行集團(tuán)化、企業(yè)化、股份化改革，不斷理順管理體制，創(chuàng)新運(yùn)行機(jī)制，著力激發(fā)農(nóng)墾內(nèi)在活力；積極開展改革辦社會(huì)職能、建立社會(huì)保障體系、加大土地管理力度、努力化解債務(wù)，著力優(yōu)化農(nóng)墾發(fā)展環(huán)境；積極實(shí)施農(nóng)業(yè)“走出去”戰(zhàn)略。農(nóng)墾管理體制更加適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制要求，企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)機(jī)制更加靈活高效，打造了一批具有市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)集團(tuán)。農(nóng)墾經(jīng)濟(jì)效益保持持續(xù)高速增長(zhǎng)，自2002年全系統(tǒng)扭虧為盈以來(lái)，經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率連續(xù)13年保持在10%以上。
第五階段：農(nóng)墾改革發(fā)展進(jìn)入新時(shí)代（2015年至今）。2015年11月27日，中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院印發(fā)《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步推進(jìn)農(nóng)墾改革發(fā)展的意見(jiàn)》。以此為標(biāo)志，農(nóng)墾改革發(fā)展進(jìn)入新時(shí)代。文件指出，新形勢(shì)下農(nóng)墾承擔(dān)著更加重要的歷史使命。努力把農(nóng)墾建設(shè)成為保障國(guó)家糧食安全和重要農(nóng)產(chǎn)品有效供給的國(guó)家隊(duì)、中國(guó)特色新型農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的示范區(qū)、農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)外合作的排頭兵、安邊固疆的穩(wěn)定器。全國(guó)農(nóng)墾貫徹落實(shí)中央農(nóng)墾改革發(fā)展文件精神，用3年左右時(shí)間基本完成了農(nóng)墾國(guó)有土地使用權(quán)確權(quán)登記發(fā)證和改革國(guó)有農(nóng)場(chǎng)辦社會(huì)職能任務(wù)。墾區(qū)集團(tuán)化和農(nóng)場(chǎng)企業(yè)化改革穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)，建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)大基地、大企業(yè)、大產(chǎn)業(yè)，把農(nóng)墾建設(shè)成為具有國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)集團(tuán)，努力形成農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域的航母。
About China State Farm
The state farm system is the core and model of China's state-owned agricultural economy, as well as the main force in promoting modernization of Chinese characteristics agriculture. The state farm system was established under certain conditions to undertake national missions. Over decades of hard exploration, it has formed an agricultural- economic system with Chinese characteristics, that is, high degree of organization, large scale of production and a sound industrial system. It has developed the main force of comprehensively promoting rural revitalization andaccelerating the construction of a strong agricultural country, with 35 reclamation areas, 1787 state-owned farms, 14.12 million population and 7.07 million hectares of farmland. Up to 2022, enterprises of the state farm system has total assets of RMB 1.6 trillion yuan, grain yield of 38.49 million tons (accounts for 5.6% of the national total), and GDP of 956.85 billion yuan.
The cause of China State Farm led by the Communist Party of China is originated in Anti-Japanese War. In the winter of 1939, under Chairman Mao Zedong's call for "ample food and clothing by working with our own hands", the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area began a mass production campaign among the army and the people, establishing the first farm, Guanghua Farm, in the Anti-Japanese Base Area. Under the guideline of "agriculture first, industry and transportation second, business third", General Wang Zhen led Division 120 NRA and Brigade 359 NRA to construct and develop Nanniwan. In 1947, the Three Northeast Provinces established a batch of state farms. In 1948, the People's Government of North China built the first mechanized farm, Jiheng Farm, in the thousand-hectare puddle located in the border area of Jixian, Hengshui and Yongnian in Hebei Province. In 1949, a batch of farms was established, including merit farms for the honored soldiers, and liberation farms for the Kuomintang's soldiers.
Since the People's Republic of China was founded, under the leadership of predecessors of proletarian revolution represented by Chairman Mao, the pioneers consisted of demobilized soldiers, intellectuals and border-supporting youths went to the frontier and wilderness to reclaim wasteland and build state farms. The development of China State Farm is broadly divided into five stages:
Stage I: tough beginning in early years of New China (1949-1966). In the early years of New China, in order to resume the production rapidly and place numbers of soldiers properly, People's Revolutionary Military Committee of the Central Government decided to organize troops to support the nation's agricultural production. Since then, the cause of China State Farm developed fast on a large scale. In 1951, the State Council published Decision on Expansion of Rubber Trees Planting, started to open up wasteland for rubber farms in South China. In 1956, the Central Committee of CPC decided to found Ministry of State Farm, which was in charge of the unified management of the nation's army farms and the locally-operated state farms. Since 1958, under the arrangement of the Central Committee, the pioneers consisted of demobilized soldiers, intellectuals and border-supporting youths went to the frontier and wilderness to reclaim wasteland and build state farms. Till 1966, China had established 1940 farms, with 2.84 million workers, 3.19 million hectares of crop land, 0.17 million hectares of rubber land, 4050 million kilograms of annual grain output, and 23 kilotons of dry glue.
Stage II: suffering setbacks in the "Cultural Revolution" (1967-1976). In this period, Ministry of State Farm and its provincial agencies were abolished, together with the delegation of state farms to local governments. Because of the former administration system being damaged, the state farm system suffered continued loss, which was totally RMB 3200 million in a decade.
Stage III: developing steadily in Reform and Opening Up (1977-2001). Since the Eleventh CPC Central Committee, the state farm system has made a series of major reforms. In 1978, under the State Council's decision of developing agro-industrial-commercial combines in state farm system, breaking through the former pattern of farms operating agriculture only. Since 1983, the state farm system had established worker's family-owned farms in the large farms, which had solved "common big rice pot" among the employees. Driven by market economy during this time, the state farm system has gradually developed modernized enterprise institution, kept opening to the world, and improved social security system of the employees.
Stage IV: developing fast in all aspects (2002-2014). The state farm system has made efforts to its development: making reform in collectivization, enterprization and share-holding, improving management regimes and operation mechanism, to stimulate the internal vitality; depriving social functions, establishing social security provisions, optimizing land management and releasing debt, to improve the circumstance for better development; carrying out the "Going Out" Strategy in agriculture. With all these efforts, the management regimes and operation mechanism of state farms has adapted to the market economy much better, and a batch of competitive modern agricultural enterprises (groups) has been built. The state farm system has achieved remarkable economic results in this period. Since achieving profitability in 2002, its benefit growth rate has reached over 10% for 13 consecutive years.
Stage V: the reform of state farm system in new era (2015 till now). On November 27th, 2015, the Central Committee of CPC and the State Council has published Guidance on Further Promoting Reform in State Farm System. Markedly, the reform in state farm system has developed in new era. As the document claims, the state farm system undertakes a more important mission in new era, that is, guaranteeing food security and important food supply of the nation, establishing demonstration area of modernized Chinese characteristics agriculture, developing agricultural international cooperation, and defending the frontier. Putting the Guidance into action, all the state farms accomplished state-owned land right registration and certification in around three years. Nowadays, collectivization in reclamation areas and enterprization in farms are advanced steadily, with modernized big base, large enterprise and grand industry in agriculture being built. Moreover, since the modernized enterprises (groups) from state farm system are more competitive in the world, its place of model in agricultural field has gradually been shaped.
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